Aim and Scope Cluj Veterinary Journal (ISSN 3153-3728 ISSN-L 2066-9399) is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal dedicated to publishing original research articles, reviews, communications, and short notes relevant to any veterinary field sciences, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. The frequency of publication: three-time per year CVJ does not charge publication fees. Subject Areas This journal covers almost all topics related to animal health and veterinary medicine. Research fields of interest include but are not limited to: anaesthesiology anatomy animal breeding and husbandry animal production bacteriology biochemistry cardiology dentistry dermatology embryology endocrinology ethopathology and behavior epidemiology food hygiene and safety genetics histology immunology microbiology molecular biology mycology neurobiology oncology ophthalmology parasitology pathology pharmacology physiology radiology and medical imaging surgery theriogenology toxicology virology Each paper published in Cluj Veterinary Journal is assigned a DOI number. The online published articles can be cited using the format widget available on the website. Make New Submission
Development of a Pilot Behaviour-Based Stress Screening Framework for Dogs and Cats During Veterinary Consultations
Veterinary consultations are commonly associated with acute stress in companion animals due to transportation, unfamiliar environments, handling procedures, and previous negative experiences. Although behavioural observations are widely used to recognise stress, practical behaviour-based screening frameworks suitable for routine veterinary practice remain limited. The aim of this pilot study was to identify owner-reported behavioural observations in dogs and cats during veterinary consultations and to develop a preliminary behaviour-based stress screening framework for clinical use. Behavioural data were collected from 50 companion animal owners using a structured questionnaire completed immediately after routine veterinary consultations. Owners reported behavioural responses observed before entering the veterinary practice, immediately after entering, and approximately 10 minutes after entering the waiting area. Behavioural observations were analysed using descriptive statistics according to their frequency and apparent intensity to support the development of a preliminary clinical framework. Attempting escape, fear, trembling, vocalization, and agitation were the most frequently reported stress-related behavioural indicators, while multiple concurrent behaviours were commonly observed, suggesting that behavioural profiles provide more meaningful information than isolated responses. Based on these findings, a preliminary behaviour-based stress screening framework was developed to facilitate rapid clinical interpretation of behavioural observations during routine veterinary consultations. Although further validation using standardized behavioural assessments, independent observers, and larger study populations is required, this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating structured behavioural observations into routine veterinary practice and provides a foundation for the future development of standardized behaviour-based stress screening methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrei-Sebastian Csiplo, Silvana Popescu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Injectable, Oral Gavage, and Sedative-Laden Feed Administration of Diazepam–Xylazine for Sedation in Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)
The study evaluated the sedative effects of diazepam–xylazine administered through intramuscular injection, oral gavage, and sedative-laden feed in Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). Eighteen apparently healthy Guinea fowls were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 6). Group A received diazepam–xylazine intramuscularly, Group B received the combination by oral gavage, and Group C received sedative-laden feed. Onset of sedation, duration of analgesia, sedation score, muscle relaxation score, heart rate, respiratory rate, and cloacal temperature were evaluated at predetermined intervals. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and significance was set at P < 0.05. Route of administration significantly affected sedative efficacy. Oral gavage produced the shortest onset of sedation (1.33 ± 0.33 min) and the longest duration of analgesia (73.33 ± 3.84 min), whereas sedative-laden feed resulted in the longest onset (22.33 ± 5.36 min) and shortest analgesic duration (24.00 ± 3.06 min). Sedation and muscle relaxation scores were significantly higher in the oral gavage and intramuscular groups than in the feed-treated group during the early observation period (P < 0.05). Heart rate and respiratory rate decreased significantly following treatment in all groups, with the greatest reductions observed in birds receiving oral gavage (P < 0.05). Cloacal temperature decreased slightly after treatment but did not differ significantly among groups (P > 0.05). Diazepam–xylazine administered by oral gavage provided the most effective and consistent sedative profile in Guinea fowls, characterized by rapid onset, prolonged analgesia, superior sedation, and enhanced muscle relaxation. These findings indicate that oral gavage may be a practiucal alternative route for short-term chemical restraint in Guinea fowls.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uduak Joshua, Ukwueze Celestine Okwdili, Miracle Oluomachi Uwaegbulem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Splenic abscessation due to a migrating grass awn in a cat
Migrating grass awns are a recognized cause of foreign-body inflammation and abscessation in dogs and cats; however, splenic involvement in feline patients is exceptionally rare. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second documented feline case of splenic abscessation associated with a migrating plant foreign body. This report describes a 6-year-old domestic shorthaired cat that presented with pyrexia, anorexia, and a mass in the left abdominal cavity. Ultrasonography revealed focal lesions in the spleen, and exploratory laparoscopy identified a splenic abscess with localized peritonitis. An exploratory coeliotomy and total splenectomy was performed. Histopathological examination showed multiple abscesses, microinfarctions and a grass awn embedded in the spleen. This case report highlights the importance of considering migrating foreign bodies in the differential diagnosis of atypical splenic lesions and demonstrates surgical intervention can lead to a favorable outcome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexandr Morozov, Caren Dolgopolov, Ivan Manchev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Early Cancer Screening in Companion Animals: Combining Traditional Diagnostics with Emerging Methods
Early tumor screening refers to the use of a combination of traditional and emerging diagnostic techniques to detect malignant lesions in companion animals (dogs and cats) before obvious clinical symptoms appear or during the preclinical stage of the disease, with the aim of enabling timely intervention and improving prognosis. Early-stage tumors in dogs and cats often lack specific clinical manifestations; in some cases, they present only as palpable subcutaneous masses or nonspecific weight loss, leading to delayed diagnosis. Although understanding of tumor molecular biomarkers and pathogenesis has deepened in recent years, histopathological examination remains the gold standard for tumor diagnosis; however, its invasive nature limits its application in large-scale screening. Emerging non-invasive or minimally invasive diagnostic methods, such as liquid biopsy (detection of circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomes), serum tumor marker analysis, and exhaled breath volatile organic compound testing, are complementing traditional strategies and opening new possibilities for the early and precise identification of tumors. In long-term management, radical surgical resection of limited-stage tumors detected at an early stage remains the cornerstone of treatment; however, emerging interventions such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade therapies have opened new avenues for improving clinical outcomes, and the success of these therapies is highly dependent on early diagnosis achieved through screening. This review summarizes the current understanding of early tumor screening in companion animals, focusing on strategies that combine traditional diagnostics with emerging technologies, and highlights the translational potential of these innovative approaches in enhancing diagnostic efficacy and optimizing management pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhen Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histopathological evaluation of experimentally induced volumetric muscle loss in rats
Unlike minor muscle injuries, which can heal through the activation of resident satellite cells, VML injuries involve the removal of large tissue volumes and disruption of the extracellular matrix architecture required for effective regeneration. Consequently, the healing process is often dominated by fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and incomplete muscle regeneration. To overcome these limitations, considerable attention has been directed toward the development of biomimetic scaffolds and regenerative therapies designed to restore both the structural organization and functional properties of skeletal muscle. Understanding the histopathological changes associated with VML is therefore crucial for assessing tissue repair and for developing effective treatment strategies capable of improving muscle recovery and functional outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andreea A. Zăvoi, Alexandra Dreancă, Klara Magyari, Andrada Negoescu, Liviu Oana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding the Glycan Signature of Hyalinized Pancreatic Carcinoma in Dogs: Histochemical and Lectin-Based Evidence of Extracellular Matrix Heterogeneity
Hyalinizing pancreatic carcinoma in dogs is a rare tumor characterized by abundant eosinophilic extracellular material of uncertain composition. The aim of this study was to characterize the nature of hyaline deposits using histochemical and lectin-based methods. Pancreatic tissues from three dogs (two Boxers and one American Staffordshire Terrier) were examined following necropsy. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and Congo Red, and analyzed using lectin histochemistry (SNA, PHA-L, ECL). All cases showed similar architecture, with neoplastic epithelial cells embedded in abundant hyaline stroma. Masson’s Trichrome demonstrated collagen-rich deposits in all cases. Congo Red staining revealed heterogeneity, with negative staining in two cases and weak to transitional positivity in one case, interpreted as equivocal and not sufficient to confirm amyloid deposition. Lectin histochemistry showed variable glycosylation patterns among tumors. These findings indicate that hyaline in canine pancreatic carcinoma is not a uniform entity, but a heterogeneous extracellular material composed predominantly of collagen-rich stroma and glycoprotein-associated matrix, with inter-case biochemical variability. Combined histochemical and lectin-based approaches provide additional insight into the molecular complexity of these lesions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ecaterina Semzenisi, Corina Toma, Haralambie Mara, Dragoș Hodor, Romelia Pop, Sorana Cătoi, Ibrahima Mamadou Sall, Alexia Teodora-Hoța, Alexandru Flaviu-Tăbaran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Efficacy of Combined Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy with ESWT/Hydrotherapy in Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendinopathy: A Prospective Clinical Trial
Equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tendinopathy is a frequent cause of reduced athletic performance and prolonged lameness in sport horses, characterized by limited intrinsic healing capacity, fibrosis, and high recurrence rates after return to exercise. Regenerative and adjunctive therapies such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), and hydrotherapy have been increasingly used, yet comparative clinical evidence remains limited. This prospective clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of combined MSC-PRP therapy compared with PRP-ESWT and MSC-hydrotherapy in horses with naturally occurring SDFT lesions managed under a standardized rehabilitation program. Twelve horses with ultrasonographically confirmed SDFT tendinopathy and grade 2–4/5 forelimb lameness were randomly allocated to three treatment groups (n = 4/group): Group 1 received intralesional MSC followed by PRP injections, Group 2 received PRP combined with ESWT, and Group 3 received MSC combined with underwater treadmill hydrotherapy. Clinical and ultrasonographic assessments were performed at baseline, days 14 and 28, and weeks 12 and 24. All groups showed significant improvement in lameness scores by week 12 (p < 0.01 versus baseline), with mean AAEP scores decreasing from 3.0 ± 0.8 to 1.2 ± 0.4 in Group 1, 1.5 ± 0.5 in Group 2, and 1.3 ± 0.4 in Group 3. Lesion cross-sectional area decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001), reaching reductions of 85%, 72%, and 78% in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by week 24. Echogenicity and fiber alignment improved most markedly in the MSC-PRP group. Return to previous performance level at 6 months was achieved in 100% of horses in Group 1 and 75% in Groups 2 and 3. No adverse events were recorded. Combined MSC-PRP therapy within a structured rehabilitation protocol may provide superior structural and functional recovery in equine SDFT tendinopathy, while PRP-ESWT and MSC-hydrotherapy represent effective alternative treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cristian Crecan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Occurrence of Ozobranchus margoi (Hirudinea), an Important Sea Turtle Ectoparasite, on a Caretta caretta Individual at Kızılot Beach, Antalya
Functioning as keystone species within subtropical and Mediterranean marine ecosystems, sea turtles play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance, including nutrient cycling and the preservation of critical habitats such as coral reefs. However, the combined impacts of human activities such as bycatching fisheries, habitat degradation, and climate change pose significant threats to their survival. This study reports the infestation of Ozobranchus margoi and its associated pathological effects in an adult female Caretta caretta nesting at Kızılot Beach (Antalya, Türkiye) on July 10, 2025. Morphometric measurements, including curved carapace length and width, were recorded, and the general health condition of the individual was assessed. A total of 16 ectoparasites collected from the axillary region of the right front flipper were identified as O. margoi based on their morphological characteristics. Macroscopic tissue alterations, including erythema and dermal erosion, were observed at the parasite attachment sites. Species of the genus Ozobranchus are recognized as potential mechanical vectors of Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5, the causative agent of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles. In this context, the present study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of ectoparasites and their effects on host individuals at Kızılot Beach for the conservation of sea turtle population health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deniz Innal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frequency of Favorable Alleles for Meat Quality, Litter Size, Adaptation, and Growth Traits in Closed Nucleus Population of Philippine Native Swine (Sus philippensis var. markaduke)
The Philippine native swine (PNS) are heritage domestic animal genetic resources for food security and geo-cultural uses. Among the PNS, the markaduke is known for the "best lechon" (roast whole pork) and comminuted pork products, moderate litter size (>8), and adaptability. Its genetic property needs assessment to develop a breeding program suited for optimum production system. A total of 67 heads (17 males & 50 females) from the 4.37+0.12 generations with inbreeding coefficient of 0.1493 +0.0167 was genotyped for meat quality using seven (7) biomarkers, three (3) biomarkers for litter size, two (2) biomarkers for adaptation, and one (1) for growth trait. The results of genotyping were tested in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and chi-square statistics. Of the seven biomarkers for meat quality, the RN, CTSD, and LEPR had genotypic frequency >50% in both sexes. Remarkably, the population expresses full presence of favorable allele for RN (100% rn, p<0.05). In terms of litter size, the most prominent allele was observed in PRLR at almost equal frequencies of 0.77 in both sexes (p<0.05). For adaptation trait, the N allele for halothane gene that command for stress tolerance was observed at frequencies or 0.97 (p>0.05). The favorable allele for growth, MYOG, was observed in heterozygote only at low frequencies of 0.08, 0.14, and 0.13 for males, females, and in combined data; respectively. These molecular findings show that the closed nucleus population of markaduke carries favorable genes necessary for genetic improvement.
Reproduction, animal breeding and husbandry
Copyright (c) 2026 Arnolfo Monleon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cervical Infectious Panniculitis in a Dog: Successful Treatment with En Bloc Excision including Jugular Vein Resection and Omentopexy
Panniculitis is an inflammatory condition of the panniculus adiposus that is infrequently observed in dogs and cats. The dog presented in this report developed multiple nodules in the cervical region, some of which developed fistulous tracts and discharged serosanguineous to purulent fluid. Microbiological examination identified Staphylococcus pseudintermedius as an associated pathogen. As conservative treatment did not result in satisfactory clinical improvement, surgery was elected. Preoperative computed tomography revealed that the mass had closely adhered to the right jugular vein. Because safe and complete excision of the lesion was not feasible without the resection of the affected jugular vein, this was also performed during surgery. The greater omentum is known for its angiogenic, immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative properties. Consequently, and to cover the large defect that had resulted from the mass ablation, an omental pedicle flap was prepared, transposed to the cervical region through a subcutaneous tunnel and covered using a skin flap. Serial postoperative ultrasonographic and Doppler examinations demonstrated preserved vascularization of the omental pedicle flap. The patient recovered uneventfully, and at eight months postoperatively, the greater omentum remained in situ, and no recurrence of nodules or procedure-related complications were observed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tom Adrian Ablassmaier, Lucia Bel, Liviu Oana, Adrian Todor, Iosif Vasiu, Raluca Marica, Robert Purdoiu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Septic Osteitis and Osseous Sequestration of the Distal Phalanx Associated with a Coronary Band Lesion in a Draft Horse: Clinical, Radiographic and Surgical Findings
Inflammatory disorders of the distal phalanx (P3) associated with lesions of the coronary region of the hoof may involve reactive periosteal bone proliferation and focal osseous separation. This report describes a case of focal inflammatory osteal pathology of P3 in a draft horse presenting with severe forelimb lameness and a localized lesion of the coronary region. Radiographic examination revealed a longitudinal radiopaque formation with irregular margins on the dorsal aspect of P3, associated with a corresponding radiolucent area and a tract containing fluid and gas extending toward the coronary region. Surgical intervention was performed under general anesthesia. A progressive distal hoof wall resection was carried out with preservation of the coronary region, followed by evacuation of purulent material and curettage of the affected bone. A detached lamellar bone fragment consistent with focal osseous sequestration was removed, and debridement was continued until macroscopically viable bone was obtained. The excised tissues were submitted for histopathological evaluation. Hematoxylin–eosin-stained sections demonstrated lamellar bone with periosteal thickening and adjacent fibrous connective tissue showing hemorrhagic infiltration and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of neutrophils and macrophages. No histological evidence of neoplastic proliferation was identified. The findings were consistent with periostitis and osteitis associated with reactive exophytic bone formation and focal osseous sequestration. This case highlights the diagnostic value of radiography and the importance of complete surgical debridement in inflammatory conditions of the distal phalanx associated with lesions of the coronary region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Constantin Lazar, Gheorghe Solcan, Vasile Vulpe, Iulian Mihaila, Iulia Straton https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Minimally Invasive Occlusion of Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Technical Aspects and Clinical Outcomes from the first experience in Veterinary Medicine in Romania
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a frequent congenital cardiovascular anomaly in dogs that can lead to significant hemodynamic consequences if left untreated. This report presents three canine cases of PDA treated by minimally invasive transcatheter closure using a Nit-Occluder® coil or an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II (AVP II) via a transjugular approach. All interventions were uneventful under general anesthesia. Complete PDA closure was achieved in two dogs along with a regression of cardiac remodeling. In one dog, residual shunting persisted following AVP II release, likely due to partial device displacement; however, the patient remained asymptomatic at long-term follow-up. Technical difficulties related to atypical ductal anatomy were encountered in one case but did not impede successful device placement. Rapid post-procedural recovery was observed in all dogs. These results suggest the clinical applicability of transcatheter PDA closure and demonstrate that both AVP II and Nit-Occluder devices represent reliable therapeutic options for canine PDA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Florin Leca, Dr. Stefan Geanta, Dr. Mihaela Ivanciu, Dr. Alina Nechifor, Dr. Luigi Venco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectrofluorimetric investigations of urine in cats diagnosed with renal disorders
In veterinary medicine, as in human medicine, laboratory examinations complement clinical evaluations, providing highly valuable information for establishing an accurate diagnosis. In many studies, it has been noted that in feline urinary tract pathology, the importance of urine laboratory examination is often underestimated; it is either ignored or treated superficially, even though the data obtained from this examination are crucial for determining the etiology of the disease and providing a scientific basis for monitoring the instituted therapy. Nevertheless, data obtained through urinalysis are essential for establishing the etiology of the condition and for scientifically supporting the monitoring of applied therapy. The aim of this study was to reemphasize the importance of urinalysis in cats diagnosed with renal disorders and to propose urine spectrofluorometry as a novel laboratory method for the etiological diagnosis of these.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mariana Tataru, Alina Rotarescu, Radu Lacatus, Cristiana Novac, Ionel Papuc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Histological Evaluation of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Response to Direct Contact with Titanium Screw Surface in a Rabbit Model
Rabbits present biological features that make them suitable for morphological and histological investigations that allow a closer approximation to human tissue responses, particularly with respect to immune and vascular reactions. Titanium screws measuring 5 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter were inserted into the femoral bone of five 14-month-old female rabbits of a common breed, one on the right side and one on the left. Femoral segments containing the implants were subsequently harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, decalcified with trichloroacetic acid, and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5 μm thick were cut, stained using the Goldner trichrome method, and microscopically examined. At the interface between the surface of the screw head and the newly formed tissues, a separating capsule was formed through condensation of the connective tissue. Within the medullary cavity, the bone marrow that encountered the screw surface responded by gradually regenerating with tissue of the same type, and did not exhibit a significant foreign body reaction, demonstrating a remarkable tolerance toward titanium implants. This tolerance allowed peri-implant tissues to undergo repair through the formation of tissues like those present prior to surgery. The distance between the implant surface and the surrounding tissue elements did not represent a critical factor, whereas repetitive tissue movements triggered a protective response manifested by the formation of a separating capsule between the surface of the implant head and the adjacent structures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melania Crisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Evaluation of the Anesthetic Efficacy and Hepatic Safety of Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Ketamine-Diazepam in New Zealand White Rabbits
This study aimed to compare the anesthetic efficacy, physiological stability, and hepatic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) versus ketamine-diazepam (KD) in rabbits. Forty healthy male New Zealand White rabbits (2–3 kg) were randomly assigned into five groups: a saline control, three tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) dose groups (32, 7.5, and 3.5 mg/kg IV), and a ketamine-diazepam (KD) group (20 + 1 mg/kg IV). Anesthetic depth, duration, and physiological parameters were monitored for 60 minutes. Blood samples were collected before anesthesia and on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-injection to assess liver function. The TZ-High group (32 mg/kg) exhibited the longest duration of anesthesia but also showed severe cardiorespiratory depression, characterized by a significant drop in respiratory rate and heart rate. Furthermore, this group displayed marked elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels at 24 and 72 hours, indicating significant hepatotoxicity. In contrast, the KD and TZ-Mid groups provided adequate anesthesia with better physiological stability and minimal biochemical alterations. It is concluded that while high-dose tiletamine-zolazepam provides prolonged anesthesia, it induces severe and unacceptable hepatotoxicity and cardiorespiratory distress in rabbits. The combination of ketamine-diazepam or a mid-range dose of tiletamine-zolazepam offers a safer alternative for procedures in rabbits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Flavia Pradhan, Rajesh Tharu, Jyoti Chaudhary, Akash Adhikari, Sujan Adhikari, Dibina Kaini, Roshik Shrestha, Khema Pandey, Sanjay Paudel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) as a Predictor of Anemia in Early Canine Kidney Dysfunction
Traditional markers such as creatinine and BUN have limited sensitivity for detecting early kidney dysfunction, whereas symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) offers a more reliable indication of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is often associated with anemia due to decreased erythropoietin production, but the relationship between SDMA levels and anemia severity remains unclear. This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed canine patients presented to INI Veterinary Service, Surabaya, Indonesia, between January 2024 and August 2025, with available complete blood counts and renal function profiles including SDMA, creatinine, and hematocrit (HCT). Anemia severity was classified by HCT values, renal dysfunction was staged according to IRIS criteria, and statistical analyses included Chi-square testing, regression modeling, and ROC curve analysis. Among 157 dogs, anemia was present in 28.2% of cases and increased in prevalence and severity with advancing CKD stage. SDMA concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with severe anemia, yet regression analysis revealed that SDMA, creatinine, and age were not independent predictors of anemia severity. ROC analysis showed moderate discriminatory ability of SDMA (AUC 0.666), with high specificity (81.2%) but limited sensitivity (56.8%). In conclusion, anemia in dogs was more frequent and severe in advanced CKD, but SDMA was not an independent predictor after adjusting for creatinine and age. While ROC analysis suggests SDMA may serve as a supportive “rule-in” biomarker, it lacks sensitivity to function as a standalone diagnostic tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sherly Leilany, Sebastian Emmanuel Willyanto, Iwan Willyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intramammary bacterial profile and its impact on the number and differential distribution of somatic cells in the context of drying off in dairy cows
Mastitis remains one of the most significant conditions in dairy cattle farms, with major consequences for animal health and milk quality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) and to analyze the relationship between the pathogens involved, the total somatic cell count (SCC), and their differential distribution (DSCC) in two family-owned farms of Romanian Spotted cows, evaluated before and after drying-off. A total of 140 milk samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological examinations, as well as SCC and DSCC determinations by flow cytometry. The results revealed an overall IMI prevalence of 32.9%, with differences between the two farms: in Farm 1, major pathogens predominated (Streptococcus agalactiae, S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli), whereas in Farm 2, minor pathogens were more frequently isolated (coagulase-negative staphylococci, Corynebacterium spp.). The mean SCC value was significantly higher in positive samples (807,557 cells/mL) compared to negative samples (98,243 cells/mL), with the highest values associated with E. coli infections. Similarly, DSCC showed marked differences between uninfected (26.2%) and positive samples (68.4%), with a tentative threshold of 65% suggested as indicative of intramammary infection. The results confirm the utility of combining SCC and DSCC for more accurate mastitis detection and highlight the importance of pathogen characterization at the farm level to optimize management strategies and apply selective therapy at drying-off.
Microbiology, Virology and Infectious Diseases
Copyright (c) 2026 Ionela-Delia Ut, Daniel Berean, Simona Ciupe, Stefan Coman, Liviu Bogdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hepato and nephroprotective effects of aqueous extract of Citrullus lanatus (Linn.) juice in gentamicin-overdosed commercial broiler chickens
This study evaluated hepato- and nephroprotective potentials of Citrullus lanatus juice (CLJ) on gentamicin-overdosed broilers. Eighty broilers were used for this experiment; fifty broilers were used to confirm gentamicin toxic dose with liver function assay. While thirty broilers were reared from day old to thirty-five days, randomly distributed into six groups with five birds per group. Broilers in group A received 1.0mL/kg normal saline; group B received 45mg/kg gentamicin intramuscularly; group C received 200mg/kg Vitamin C orally. groups received D, E, and F:100, 200, and 400mg/kg of CLJ respectively orally for 14 days later received single dose 45mg/kg gentamicin intramuscularly. Statistical analysis was performed to assess significant differences among groups. Body weights were compared on days 35 and 49. Blood chemistry for liver and kidney functions were examined, liver and kidney pathologies were evaluated at day 49. There was significant increase in body weight of 400-treated birds unlike decreased body weight in GM-treated birds at day 49. There were significant decrease in Na+, Creatinine and Uric acids but increase in K+ in 400–treated birds compared with gentamicin-treated birds. There were liver and kidney pathological damages in gentamicin-treated birds. These impairments were resolved in 400-treated birds. The hepatoprotection and nephroprotection may be due to ascorbic acids and flavonoids present in CLJ. This may have provided antioxidant effects for restoration of liver and kidney pathological changes in 400-treated birds. This study shows that 400mg/kg CLJ may improve body weight and reversed gentamicin-overdose damages in liver and kidney of broilers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Akintunde O. Gbolahan, Dr. Korede C. Oluwakemi , Raman S.A, Prof. Oyagbemi A.A., Prof. Ameen S.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emerging Biomarkers in Canine Glaucoma: Insights into Clinical, Genetic, Oxidative, and Inflammatory Pathways
Canine glaucoma is a complex ocular disorder characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and specific optic nerve damage, often resulting in permanent blindness in affected dogs. Recent advancements emphasize the importance of various biomarkers in understanding the development and progression of canine glaucoma, especially concerning clinical signs, genetics, oxidative stress, and inflammation pathways. An imbalance between the production and drainage of aqueous humor significantly impacts intraocular pressure (IOP), a key factor in managing glaucoma. Oxidative stress has emerged as a key contributor to RGC degeneration in canine glaucoma, mirroring findings in human studies, where it is implicated in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The interaction between oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the aqueous humor reflects a complex biomarker network with potential diagnostic and therapeutic value. The identification of genetic biomarkers, including enzyme and protein variants, also indicates a move toward molecular methods for evaluating glaucoma risk across different dog breeds. Understanding these interconnected factors offers valuable insights into novel treatments and preventative measures, including genetic screening, oxidative stress monitoring, employing anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective therapies. Continued biomarker research is essential for improving clinical outcomes in canine glaucoma and may also offer translational relevance to human glaucomatous diseases, thereby broadening future therapeutic possibilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luh Made Nanda Ayuni, ida Tjahajati, Ida Fitriana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of early phytobiotic and prebiotic supplementation on growth performance trajectories in broiler chickens: a time × treatment interaction study
Abstract This study evaluated the effects of early dietary supplementation with phytobiotic (nettle flour) and phytobiotic–prebiotic (alfalfa flour) additives on the growth performance of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A total of 90 one-day-old chicks were allocated to three dietary treatment groups (control, nettle, and alfalfa), each consisting of 30 birds in three replicates of 10 birds. Feed additives were administered during the first 7 days post-hatch, followed by a common basal diet across all groups until day 35. Body weight was recorded on days 7, 21, and 35. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA with interaction, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and Welch's ANOVA to account for heteroscedasticity and non-normal distributions. Significant treatment effects were observed at all time points, with a marked divergence emerging by day 35 (F(2, 87) = 138.78, p < 0.0001). Post-hoc analyses confirmed that nettle flour led to the greatest increase in body weight compared to both the control and alfalfa groups (p < 0.001). The alfalfa group exhibited a moderate but statistically significant effect (p < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA revealed a strong treatment × time interaction (F = 90.93, p < 0.0001), indicating that the efficacy of the additives varied across developmental stages. OLS regression confirmed the robustness of the model (R² = 0.957), with the "Nettle × Day 35" interaction contributing an estimated +715 g gain in body weight over the control. These findings highlight the potential of short-term early phytobiotic and prebiotic supplementation to produce long-term enhancements in broiler growth performance. Nettle flour, in particular, demonstrated superior efficacy, suggesting its potential as a functional feed additive in intensive poultry systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adrian Cimpean, Turdor Nicolae Pojar, Giulia Maris, Ilie Antal, Mihai Marian Borzan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Reproductive Status in Romanian Buffalo Farms Using Ultrasonographic Monitoring
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive status of buffaloes from two farms in Romania by means of transrectal ultrasonography, with the intent to provide practical insights for both farmers and veterinary professionals. A total of 336–352 buffalo cows were examined at Farm A (Arad County, Romania), and 178–183 at Farm B (Brașov County, Romania), during the spring and autumn of 2024. Farm A implemented artificial insemination (AI) based on natural estrus detection, while Farm B relied on natural mating, with an approximate bull to female ratio of 1:25. The results indicated superior reproductive performance in Farm B, demonstrated by a shorter calving interval (428–431 days) and a reduced service period (125–129 days), in comparison with Farm A (445–448 days and 136–142 days, respectively; p < 0.05). The average number of inseminations per conception in Farm A was 1.6–1.7, and the incidence of postpartum endometritis was slightly higher (1.0–1.2%) than in the naturally mated group (0.3–0.5%). Transrectal ultrasonography proved indispensable for the accurate diagnosis of gestational stages, ovarian structures, and uterine pathologies, enabling the classification of buffaloes into well defined reproductive groups. These findings suggest that, under local management conditions, well structured natural mating can surpass the efficiency of standalone AI, highlighting the importance of accurate estrus detection, strict hygiene protocols, and periodic reproductive monitoring in optimizing fertility and overall herd productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Berean, Stefan Coman, Raluca Cimpean, Simona Ciupe, Liviu Bogdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration of Differential and Total Somatic Cell Counts for Udder Health Classification: Association with Milk Lactose Concentration
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle, impairing milk yield, composition, and animal welfare. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the traditional indicator of udder health, but it does not provide information on leukocyte composition. Differential Somatic Cell Count complements SCC by quantifying the proportion of neutrophils and lymphocytes, improving mastitis detection and characterization. Lactose, the main carbohydrate, is a potential biomarker of mammary epithelial integrity and declines during intramammary inflammation. This study aimed to classify milk samples based on combined SCC and DSCC thresholds and to evaluate the association between udder health status and lactose concentration. A total of 1,083 milk samples were collected from 50 multiparous Romanian Spotted cows housed in a free-stall system with an automated milking robot over a two-year period. Sixteen samples (1.5%) could not be classified due to missing or invalid SCC/DSCC values and were excluded from group comparisons. The remaining 1,067 samples were classified as healthy udder ( DSCC<75%, SCC<200.000), subclinical mastitis (DSCC>75%, SCC<200.000), clinical mastitis (DSCC>=75%, SCC>200.000), or chronic mastitis (DSCC<75%,SCC>=200.000). Mean lactose concentration was 4.82+-0.37%(range 1.94-5.31%) and decreased progressively from healthy udders to chronic mastitis. The Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed significant differences among groups, with Dunn's post-hoc tests showing significantly lower lactose in clinical and chronic mastitis compared with healthy udders. Lactose was negatively correlated with SCC and DSCC, whereas DSCC and SCC were strongly positively correlated. These findings demonstrate that lactose concentration is a sensitive indicator of udder health, and its integration with SCC and DSCC provides a robust, non-invasive approach for early detection and monitoring of intramammary inflammation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniela Elena Babiciu, Anamaria Blaga Petrean, Silvana Popescu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for management of pulmonic stenosis in four dogs: First experience in Veterinary Medicine in Romania
Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases (CHD) in dogs, accounting for approximately 32% of all congenital cardiac defects diagnosed in this species [9]. If severe and left undiagnosed or untreated, PS can lead to signs of right-sided congestive heart failure (R-CHF) and, ultimately, death [7]. This paper describes aspects of the palliative management of PS using percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty (BVP) in four dogs, which, to the authors' knowledge, has not been previously performed in Romania. The minimally invasive procedures were performed between December 2021 and February 2023, at the first Interventional Veterinary Radiology Laboratory in Romania., specialized and optimised for Interventional Veterinary Cardiology (Doctor's Vet Univers Clinic, Bucharest). All patients were referred for signs of exercise intolerance or syncope due to haemodinamic effects of PS. The population included 2 females and 2 males aged between 18 and 72 months. Three dogs who underwent BVP showed a reduction in pressure gradient between 28 and 50 percent and a positive outcome. In one dog, the BPV failed to reduce the pressure gradient, and the patient subsequently suffered a sudden cardiac death (SCD). These findings are comparable with previously reported data in the literature and support the use of BVP as an effective palliative option for managing PS in dogs. Although the learning curve is important for improving outcomes, continued experience remains crucial for achieving consistent success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Florin Leca, Dr. Altin Cala, Dr. Stefan Geanta, Dr. Mihaela Ivanciu, Dr. Alina Nechifor, Dr. Ana Maria Vlas, Dr. Luigi Venco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of partial substitution of prickly pear seed meal (Opuntia ficus indica L.) on serum biochemical parameters and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of prickly pear seed (PPS) cake on biochemical parameter and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty 1-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into 5 groups with 3 replicates of 10 birds per group. The experimental groups received the diets substituted with 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% prickly pear seeds meal of OFI during a 6-week. At 45 d of age, five chickens were randomly selected from each treatment group. After 12 h of feed withdrawal, serum and cecal samples were collected use for biochemical parameters assay and PCR Amplification. The results of serum lipid parameters shown that the different PPS dietary treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the concentration of glucose concentration, total proteins total cholesterol, and lipidemia compared to control group of broiler chickens. It showed significantly decreased (P < 0.05) liver enzymatic activity in treated group with PPS cake compared to control group of broiler chickens. Also, ionogram showed that values of Mg, P, and Ca reduced significantly (P<0.05) after treatment of chickens with PPS cake concentrations compared to control group. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the major groups of microorganisms in the gut of broiler chickens received PPS cake diet. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PPS cake can have a protective effect on the kidney and liver function of chickens. Also, it found that broiler chickens treated with PPS cake meal exhibited a variety of phylum and genus in gut microbiota.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moncef Benteboula, Jean-Luc Hornick, Omar Besseboua, El-Hacene Balla, Amel Bouzenad, Lamia Taourirt, Nadir Boudjlal Dergal, kalman Imre , Mirela Imre , Ulas Acaroz, Damla Arslan Acaroz, Abdelhanine Ayad, Isabelle Dufrasne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of 14-3-3σ as a Prognostic Marker in Canine Mammary Tumors
14-3-3σ is a regulatory protein involved in cell cycle control and has been implicated in both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles, depending on the biological context. While extensively studied in human cancers, limited information is available regarding its expression in canine mammary gland tumors. This study aimed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of 14-3-3σ in canine mammary tumors and evaluate its potential association with malignancy indicators such as histological grade and mitotic index. A total of 62 tumor samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, and the area of 14-3-3σ expression was digitally quantified. Statistical comparisons were performed using non-parametric tests. An inverse trend was observed between 14-3-3σ expression and both tumor grade (p = 0.051) and mitotic (p = 0.0090) activity. These findings suggest a potential link between decreased 14-3-3σ expression and increased malignancy, supporting its relevance as a candidate prognostic marker in canine mammary tumors. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these observations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Hiruta, Andrada Negoescu, Zoltán-Miklós GÁL , Alexandru Raul Pop, Cornel Cătoi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antiviral Activity of Lagenaria breviflora Roberts Fruit Against Canine Parvovirus in Embryonated Chicken Egg
Lagenaria breviflora has been traditionally utilized as a natural remedy for various diseases including measles, smallpox, human chickenpox and Newcastle disease in poultry, as well as parasitic infections caused by Eimerias pp and Ascaridia galli. This study investigated the antiviral potential of L. breviflora fruit methanol extract against Canine Parvovirus using experimentally infected 10-day old embryonated chicken eggs. The eggs were apportioned to 11 groups (n=5) with Group 1 serving as control, while Group 2 remained inoculated with the virus only. Group 3 and 4 received only L. breviflora extract (25mg/ml and 50mg/ml), while Groups 5-11 were inoculated with the virus and graded concentrations of L. breviflora extract (1.5625mg/ml to 100mg/ml) respectively. Gross and histological changes were assessed 24h post-inoculation. The results revealed significant pathologies such as congealed mass of embryo tissue with disruption of membrane and neuronal layer arrangement, haemorrhage, distorted membranes and necrosis in the untreated infected embryos consistent with Canine Parvoviral infection. Embryos treated with the extract, particularly at concentrations of 3.125-12.5mg/ml, exhibited significantly reduced pathologies presented as slight haemorrhage and blood vessel congestion. Eggs inoculated with higher concentrations (25-100mg/ml) showed signs of toxicity reflected as severe congestion, degeneration and necrosis. This study therefore concluded that the methanol extract of L. breviflora fruit at low concentrations demonstrated antiviral activity against Canine Parvovirus, inhibiting virus growth and degenerative pathologies in embryonated chicken eggs. Concentrations >12.5mg/ml was embryotoxic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Blessing Ayeni, Tolulope Olakojo, Oluwasanmi Aina, Olawale Ola, Olusegun Fagbohun, Olayinka Oridupa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The First Spermatological Examination of New Commercial Fish Species of the Mediterranean: Randall’s Threadfin Bream, Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986
Determining spermatological characteristics in fish is critical for understanding species' reproductive biology, protecting fish stocks, increasing reproductive success, and ensuring fish farming efficiency. While reproductive biology research on native fish species of Mediterranean is restricted, there is no information on the spermatological characteristics of invasive Mediterranean species. Samples were collected from trawl surveys conducted in the Gulf of Antalya (Mediterranean-Turkey) between March and April 2024. The fish samples were promptly transported to the laboratory at the Department of Biology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University. The individuals' sex determination, lengths, and weights were recorded. 17 (65.38%) males, 9 (34.62%) females were determined. Male specimens of N. randalli, ranging in size from 19 to 27.2 cm in total length and weighing between 80 and 270.5 g, were analyzed. Nemipterus randalli sperm viability and concentration were evaluated. Male fish gonads were handled, and testes were dissected in a tube containing 1 ml PBS. Sperm concentration was done with haemocytometric method. The viability of spermatozoa was analysed using a Cytoflex Flow Cytometry device and a Sybr-14/PI double staining method. Spermatozoa concentration of male individuals obtained from the Gulf of Antalya was 160.0±45.63 × 106 spz/ml and the viability rate were 51.71±17.01%. As a result, some spermatological characteristics of Nemipterus randalli, which is recorded as an invasive species and has a serious economic value, were revealed for the first time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Assoc. Prof. Şükrü GÜNGÖR, Feyza Nur MART, Prof. Dr. Muhammed Enes İnanç, Prof. Dr. Deniz İnnal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Colostrum on Immune System Development in Newborn Lambs
Colostrum is essential for passive immunity and early health in newborn lambs. This study examined the relationship between colostrum refractometric values and neonatal health outcomes—hypothermia, diarrhea, and body weight—in Turcana lambs from primiparous, second-parity, and third-parity ewes. Colostrum quality was evaluated using a refractometer, followed by statistical analyses (ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses were conducted. The results showed no statistically significant differences in colostrum refractometric values across neonatal health conditions (F = 2.97, p = 0.116), though a trend indicated lower values in lambs with diarrhea. ANOVA analysis of body weight across health conditions found no significant differences (F = 2.13, p = 0.189). The Pearson correlation between colostrum refractometric values and body weight was weak and statistically non-significant (r = 0.226, p = 0.530). In third-parity ewes, colostrum values did not differ significantly between healthy and diarrhea-affected lambs (F = 0.47, p = 0.511). These findings indicate that although colostrum quality is essential for immunity, neonatal health is also shaped by maternal care, environmental factors, and pathogen exposure. The study underscores the need for comprehensive lamb management strategies, including optimizing colostrum intake, ensuring adequate maternal nutrition, and maintaining hygiene to improve neonatal survival and growth [8]. Further research should explore genetic and environmental factors affecting early lamb development to enhance overall health and productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adrian Cimpean https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of oxidative stress on growth performance and metabolic health in broiler chickens
Oxidative stress is a significant factor that negatively impacts poultry health and performance. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of oxidative stress on growth performance and metabolic health in broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 80 per group): Control (CON) – normal rearing conditions, Mild Oxidative Stress (MOS) – exposure to 0.05% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in drinking water, and Severe Oxidative Stress (SOS) – exposure to 0.1% H₂O₂ in drinking water and heat stress (35°C for 4 hours/day) from Day 14 to Day 42. Growth performance parameters (body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality) were recorded weekly, while blood samples were collected on Days 21 and 42 for biochemical analysis. The results indicated that the CON group consistently had the highest body weight, followed by the MOS and SOS groups. Feed conversion efficiency was significantly lower in SOS (p < 0.05), indicating reduced feed utilization. Mortality rates increased progressively in MOS and SOS, with the highest rates in SOS (7% by Week 6, p < 0.05). Biochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in serum glucose and cholesterol, but triglyceride levels were significantly lower in MOS, and total protein levels were highest in MOS, followed by CON and SOS. Oxidative stress negatively affects broiler growth, feed efficiency, and survival, with severe oxidative stress causing the most detrimental effects. These findings underscore the importance of managing oxidative stress in broiler production to ensure optimal performance and metabolic health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adrian Cimpean, Mihai Marian Brozan, Tudor Nicolae Pojar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pathological findings of an eye anomaly in Randall's threadfin bream Nemipterus randalli Russell, 1986 from the Mediterranean Sea (Antalya Gulf-Türkiye)
Genetic, environmental and nutritional conditions seriously affect the health of natural fish stocks. In addition, increasing human pressure on aquatic systems in recent years is threatening fish populations. Under the influence of increasing environmental pressures and other factors, different types of abnormalities are observed in fish. Among these, morphological abnormalities, pigmentation abnormalities, eye abnormalities, visceral abnormalities and reproductive abnormalities are commonly observed. There is limited information on eye abnormalities in Mediterranean fish species. In the present study, the body abnormality observed in a trawl-caught specimen of Randall's threadfin bream, in which the eyes were missing, and its causes are reported and the pathological findings discussed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Prof. Dr. Ozlem OZMEN, Prof. Dr. Deniz Innal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0