Authors Guidelines
- Verify the submission preparation checklist;
- Use the Microsoft manuscript template to prepare the manuscript;
- Make sure that the Publication Ethics and Editorial Ethics sections have been appropriately considered;
- All authors have approved the content of the submitted manuscript;
- Authors are encouraged to add a short biography (max 150 words) when registering on the website.
Submission Process
Accepted File Format
Author Biography
Manuscript Preparation
Research and Publication Ethics
- Research Article - Submission, Publication Ethics
- Case Report - Submission, Publication Ethics
- Short communication - Submission, Publication Ethics
- Reviews - Submission, Publication Ethics
- Editorial - Submission, Publication Ethics
Disclaimer: Usage of these templates is exclusively intended for submission to the journal for peer review, and strictly limited to this purpose; it cannot be used for posting online on preprint servers or other websites.
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- Authors’ full names followed by current positions;
- Educational background including institution information and year of graduation (type and level of degree received);
- Work experience;
- Current and previous research interests;
- Memberships of professional societies and awards received.
- Title: The title of your manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant. It should indicate whether the study reports (human or animal) trial data or is a systematic review, meta-analysis, or replication study. When gene or protein names are included, the abbreviated name rather than the full name should be used.
- Author List and Affiliations: Authors' full first and last names must be provided. You may add the initials of any middle names. For affiliations: provide complete address information, including Department, Faculty, University, address (nr. street name), postal code, county, Country; e-mail@e-mail.com. At least one author should be designated as corresponding author, and his or her email address and other details should be included at the end of the affiliation section. Please read the criteria to qualify for authorship.
- Abstract: Write a concise paragraph of up to 300 words. For research articles, the abstract should provide a relevant overview of the work. We recommend using a structured abstract format without headings, including: (1) Background: Contextualise the research question and state the study's purpose; (2) Methods: Briefly outline the key methods or treatments used; (3) Results: Summarise the main findings; (4) Conclusions: Present the key conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should objectively reflect the article's content, avoid including unpresented or unsupported results, and refrain from overstating the main conclusions.
- Keywords: keyword 1; keyword 2; keyword 3 (List three to ten pertinent keywords specific to the article yet reasonably common within the subject discipline).
- Introduction: The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and explain its significance. It should clearly state the purpose and importance of the work. Include a thorough review of the current research landscape, citing key publications. When relevant, highlight controversial or divergent hypotheses. Additionally, briefly outline the main goal of the study and summarise the key conclusions. Aim to make the introduction understandable to scientists outside your specific research area. References should be numbered in the order they appear, using brackets such as [1], [2,3], or [4–6]. Further details on references are provided at the end of the document.
- Materials and Methods: The Materials and Methods section should include enough detail to enable others to replicate and build upon the published results. Remember, publishing your manuscript means you must make all related materials, data, and protocols accessible to readers. Disclose any restrictions on material or information availability at the submission stage. New methods and protocols need detailed descriptions, while well-established methods can be summarised with citations. For research involving large datasets stored in public databases, specify the repository and provide accession numbers. If you don't have the accession numbers at submission, indicate they will be provided during review; they must be available before publication. Studies involving animals, humans, or requiring ethical approval must list the approving authority and include the ethical approval code. For statistical analysis and software reporting, authors must detail all statistical methods and software specifications (including the software name, version number, manufacturer, city, and country) to ensure complete data reproducibility. In the text, authors must explicitly state whether descriptive data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range, IQR). Probability values must be reported as exact p-values (e.g., p = 0.023 rather than p < 0.05), except for highly significant results, which should be stated as p < 0.001. The letter p must always be lowercased and italicised. Finally, the chosen threshold for statistical significance (e.g., p < 0.05) and any relevant 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) must be clearly defined in the text and included as a footnote in all applicable tables and figures.
- Results: This section may include subheadings and should deliver a clear, concise overview of the experimental results, their interpretation, and the conclusions that can be drawn (see template).
- Discussion: Authors should interpret the results by relating them to previous studies and their working hypotheses. The discussion should place the findings and their implications within a broad context. Future research directions can also be highlighted.
- Supplementary Materials: Describe any supplementary material published online alongside the manuscript (figure, tables, video, spreadsheets, etc.). Please indicate the name and title of each element as follows: Figure S1: Title; Table S1: Title; Video S1: Title.
- Author Contributions: Each author is expected to have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data; or have drafted the work or substantively revised it; AND has approved the submitted version (and version substantially edited by journal staff that involves the author’s contribution to the study); AND agrees to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and for ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and documented in the literature.
For research articles with several authors, provide a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions. Please use the following taxonomy: “Conceptualisation, A.B. and C.D.; methodology, A.B.; software, X.Y.; validation, A.B., C.D. and X.Y.; formal analysis, A.B.; investigation, A.B.; resources, C.D.; data curation, X.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, C.D.; visualisation, X.Y.; supervision, C.D.; project administration, C.D.; funding acquisition, C.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.” - Funding: All sources of funding of the study should be disclosed. Clearly indicate grants the authors received in support of their research and whether funds were received to cover publication costs. Please add: “This research received no external funding” or “This research was funded by [name of funder], grant number [xxx]” or “The APC was funded by [name of institution]”. Check carefully that the details given are accurate and use the standard spelling of funding agency names.
- Institutional Review Board Statement: In this section, please add the Institutional Review Board Statement and approval number for studies involving humans or animals. Please note that the Editorial Office will ask you to provide the original signed approval document before publication. For studies not requiring ethical approval, please state: “Ethical review and approval were waived for this study due to [reason].” For case reports detailing standard, non-experimental clinical interventions, please state: “Ethical review and approval were waived for this case report as all diagnostics and treatments were part of routine clinical veterinary care.”
- Informed Consent Statement: Any research article describing studies involving humans should contain this statement. Please choose to exclude this statement if the study did not involve humans.
- Data Availability Statement: We encourage all authors to share their experimental data. Please select one of the following standard options: “Data available in a publicly accessible repository that does not issue DOIs at [URL/link]”; “Data available on request from the authors due to privacy or ethical restrictions”; or “The data presented in this study are available within the article or supplementary material.”
- Acknowledgements: In this section, you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author contribution or funding sections. This may include administrative and technical support, or donations in kind (e.g., materials used for experiments).
- Conflicts of Interest: Declare conflicts of interest or state “The authors declare no conflict of interest.” Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interests that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results.
- Abbreviations List (optional section; consult 0.2 Nomenclature, Medical Latin Terms, and Genus-Species Abbreviations; see template).
Reference Guide
- References must be numbered sequentially in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text (including citations in tables, figures, schemes, and legends), and listed separately at the end of the manuscript. In the main text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ] and appear before the punctuation; for example, [1], [1–3], or [1,3]. Citations and references in the Supplementary Materials are permitted as long as they are also included in the reference list here. To minimise typing errors and duplicates, use bibliography software such as Mendeley, EndNote, Reference Manager, or Zotero. When available, include the digital object identifier (DOI) for all references as a full HTTPS link (https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy) or provide a direct URL link for each reference where available.
1. Author, A.B.; Author, C.D. Title of the article. Journal Title Abbreviation Year, Volume, Page range. doi.org https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy (if available).
2. Author, E.F. Title of the Book, 3rd ed.Publisher: City, Country, Year; pp. 10–25.
3. Author, G.H. Title of the chapter. In Title of the Book; Editor, I.J., Ed.; Publisher: City, Country, Year; Volume 2, pp. 100–120.
4. Organisation Name. Title of the Webpage or Online Technical Report. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
5. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C. Title of Unpublished Work. Abbreviated Journal Name stage of publication (under review; accepted; in press).
6. Author 1, A.B. (University, City, State, Country); Author 2, C. (Institute, City, State, Country). Personal communication, 2012.
7. Author 1, A.B.; Author 2, C.D.; Author 3, E.F. Title of Presentation. In Title of the Collected Work (if available), Proceedings of the Name of the Conference, Location of Conference, Country, Date of Conference; Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds. (if available); Publisher: City, Country, Year (if available); Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).
8. Author 1, A.B. Title of Thesis. Level of Thesis, Degree-Granting University, Location of University, Date of Completion.
9. Title of Site. Available online: URL (accessed on Day Month Year).
Citation Policy
- Authors should ensure that where material is taken from other sources (including their own published writing), the source is clearly cited and that, where appropriate, permission is obtained.
- Authors should not engage in excessive self-citation of their own work.
- Authors should not copy references from other publications if they have not read the cited work.
- Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends’, peers’, or institution’s publications.
- Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.
- Common picture formats are accepted: TIFF, JPEG, PNG, BMP and PDF.
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should be inserted into the main text close to their first citation and must be numbered following their order of appearance (Figure 1, Scheme I, Figure 2, Scheme II, Table 1, etc.).
- All Figures, Schemes and Tables should have a short explanatory title and caption.
- All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but no less than 8 pt. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.
- Authors are encouraged to prepare figures and schemes in colour (RGB at 8-bit per channel). There is no additional cost for publishing full colour graphics (see template).
Manuscripts containing original descriptions of research conducted in experimental animals must contain details of approval by a properly constituted research ethics committee. As a minimum, the project identification code, date of approval and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board should be stated.


